Z obsahu: Operacni system Linux Pristup k archivum Internetu pro zacinajici uzivatele Anonymni servery FTP v Ceske akademicke siti þ Pavel Zaboj & Vypocetni centrum VSE Praha 1994 Pripominky zasilejte, prosim, na e-mail adresu: Pavel.Zaboj@vse.cz Obsah: Uvod 3 Popis Linuxu 4 vlastnosti 4 pozadovany hardware 6 Kde ziskat dalsi informace 8 Distribuce 9 FTP servery 11 Instalace 12 Copyright 30 Prilohy: Pristup k archivum Internetu pro zacinajici uzivatele 37 Anonymni servery FTP v Ceske akademicke siti 44 Uvod Linux je volne siritelny, plne 32 bitovy operacni system typu UNIX urceny pro PC s procesorem 386. Jeho vyvoj je uzce spjat s pocitacovou siti Internet. Je vysledkem prace mnoha desitek lidi po celem svete a je to vpravde mezinarodni dilo. Autori, kteri se osobne vetsinou neznaji, spolu komunikuji pomoci elektronicke posty a vysledky umistuji na ftp servery. Toto spolecenstvi neni uzavreno ani nikym rizeno. Zpetna vazba, ktera je mezi uzivateli a autory pomoci e-mailu, umoznuje rychly vyvoj i opravovani chyb. Na podzim 1991 poslal Linus Torvalds, student informatiky na universite v Helsinkach, na Internet prvni verzi 0.10. Prestoze verze 1.0 byla uvedena az v breznu 1994, anoncovana coby "Linux-UNIX lepsi nez Windows NT", patri Linux mezitim mezi nejrozsirenejsi software na Internetu. Ackoliv se puvodne jednalo o system hackeru (v puvodnim vyznamu tohoto slova), za dva roky se vyvinul v system, ktery je nejen srovnatelny s komercnimi systemy, ale ma navic vlastnosti, ktere nejsou uplne bezne a u mnoha z nich nenajdeme. Linux, jako vsechny verze UNIXu, dovoluje vice uzivatelum provozovat vice programu na jednom pocitaci soucasne. Vykon 50Mhz 486 je srovnatelny s pracovnimi stanicemi nizsi a stredni tridy. Jedna se o moderni system, ktery se nedrzi pevne vyvojove vetve System V ani BSD a neobsahuje zadne AT&T licencni prvky. Jeho copyright, resp. copyleft, je upraven v GNU Public License 2. Jadro je POSIX.1 kompatibilni, vetsina utilit z projektu GNU splnuje POSIX.2. Na urovni zdrojovych textu lze bez problemu prekladat programy pro System V i pro BSD. Pomoci BIOS emulatoru je mozne spustit DOS a programy pro DOS, napr. T602 nebo Novell. Projekt WINE (WINE Is Not Emulator) umozni pouzivat aplikace pro MS Windows primo pod X windows bez nutnosti vlastnit windows od Microsoftu. Popis Linuxu Vlastnosti - Hlavni rysy - iBCS kompatibilita, Intel Binary Compatibility Specification, popisuje interface mezi aplikacnim programem a operacnim systemem zalozenym na i386. V soucasnosti existuje nekolik ruznych verzi, napr. SVR3, SVR4 a navic dalsi, navzajem nekompatibilni rozsireni SVR3. Linux iBCS emulator podporuje vsechny zname verze. Podporovane binarni formaty: ELF COFF XOUT (Xenix 386) Podporovane operacni systemy: SVR4 (Unixware, USL, Dell, atd.) SVR3 obecny SCO (SVR3 s rozsirenim o symbolicke linky a dlouha jmena) Wyse V/386 (SVR3 s rozsirenim o symbolicke linky) Xenix V/386 (386 small model binaries) V praxi to znamena, ze software pro tyto operacni systemy je mozne provozovat i pod Linuxem. Tento emulator je zatim ve stadiu vyvoje a neni soucasti standardniho kernelu. (Aktualni verzi je mozne najit na tsx-11.mit.edu: /pub/linux/ALPHA/ibcs2 nebo pub.vse.cz: /pub/386-unix/linux/ALPHA/ibcs2). Presto jsou s uspechem odzkouseny aplikace pro SCO jako napr. Informix 4.0, Tactician Plus 3.0 (znakove i X), Uniplex 7.00, WordPerfect 5.1 (znakove i X) a dalsi. Je mozne pouzivat aplikace zkompilovane staticky i sdilene. V pripade SCO aplikaci zkomplilovanych se sdilenymi knihovnami je nutne pouzit SCO knihovny a tedy mit i licenci. Nastesti v SCO svete jsou komercni aplikace vetsinou zkompilovany staticky. Naopak v pripade SVR4 jsou vetsinou sdilene, ale tady nejsou zadne licencni problemy a pracuje se na volne siritelne verzi techto knihoven (najdete je na stejnem miste jako ibcs emulator). - Soucasti jadra je podpora TCP/IP. TCP/IP je mnozina protokolu, ktera propojuje miliony uzivatelu v siti Internet. Sitovani je mozne pres ethernet (podporovana je vetsina beznych ethernetovych karet, viz. pozadovany hardware), SLIP prip. kompresovany SLIP (pres seriovou linku resp. modem), PLIP (pres paralelni port) a DLINK. Linux plne podporuje NFS. - Linux pouziva swap partition nebo swap file jako virtualni pamet. Swap tedy neslouzi pro odkladani celeho procesu jako u nekterych verzi UNIXu. Velikost dostupne pameti je potom velikost RAM plus velikost swapu. - Linux implementuje sdilene knihovny (shared libraries), ktere podstatne setri misto v pameti i na disku, a sdilenou pamet, kdy vice stejnych bezicich procesu pouziva stejny kod v pameti (setri pamet). V pripade, ze nektery z techto procesu chce tento kod zmenit, provede se duplikace pouze potrebnych stranek (technika copy-on-write). - pro spusteni programu se pouziva demand page loading. Do pameti se pritom zavadi pouze potrebne stranky. To je vyhodne pri pouzivani velkych programu, kde se velka cast pouziva zridka (typicky priklad je kompilator GCC). Tak lze spustit vetsi programy nez je velikost pameti. - veskera volna pamet slouzi jako diskova cache, ktera se podle potreby dynamicky uvolnuje aplikacim. - je implementovan System V Inter Process Communication - lze pouzivat nekolik file systemu. Ext2 fs s 255 znaku dlouhymi jmeny, symbolickymi linky, FIFO a velikosti disku az 4TB. Linux podporuje MSDOS file format, ktery lze namontovat (mount -t msdos) a pracovat s nim jako s beznym unixovym file systemem (samozrejme s omezenimi, napr. kratka jmena). Druha moznost je pouziti programu souboru mtools, kdy neni zarizeni nutne montovat. Dalsi systemy jsou: minix, proc, ISO9960, xiafs, ifs, nfs, System V (vcetne Xenixu a Coherentu), a pouze pro cteni i OS/2 2.1 hpfs. - Linux podporuje virtualni konzole. Tato technika emuluje na jednom pocitaci vice terminalu, ktere se prepinaji pomoci Alt+(funkcni klavesa). Standardne je jejich pocet nastaven na 8, resp. 12 pri pouziti X, pricemz jejich pocet je mozne zmenit. Pozadovany hardware: CPU: 386, 486, Pentium Sbernice: ISA, EISA, Local bus MCA ve vyvoji RAM: teoreticky az 1GB lze spustit se 2MB, pro beznou praci staci 4MB, pro X pak minimalne 8MB, obecne ale plati, cim vic, tim lip HD: libovolne AT radice: IDE, ESDI, MFM, RLL XT radice: MFM, RLL SCSI: Adaptec 152x Adaptec 154x vcetne Bustek klonu a DTC 329x Adaptec 174x Future Domain 850, 885, 950 Future Domain 16xe obsahujici TMC-1800 nebo TMC-18C50 PAS16 SCSI Seagate ST0x Trantor T128 Ultrastor 14F, 24F, 34F Western Digital 7000 Streamry: libovolny SCSI QIC-02, QIC-117, QIC-40, QIC-80 CDROM: libovolny SCSI Sony 531, 535 Sony CDU-31A, samostatne nebo s MediaVision Fusion 16 SoundBlaster kompatibilni: Kotobuki, LaserMate, Matsushita, Panasonic, vcetne CR-562 Mitsumi/Genstar, samostatne nebo s ATI Stereo FX Video: VGA, EGA, CGA, Hercules pro textovy mod 256 barevne servery XFree86 podporuji karty s temito cipy neakcelerovane: Tseng ET3000, ET4000AX, ET4000/W32 Western Digital/Paradise PVGA1 Western Digital WD90C00, WD90C10, WD90C11, WD90C30 Genoa GVGA Trident TVGA8800CS, TVGA8900B, TVGA8900C, TVGA8900CL, TVGA9000 ATI 28800-4, 28800-5, 28800-a NCR 77C22, 77C22E Cirrus Logic GLGD5420, CLGD5422, CLGD5424, CLGD6205, CLGD6215, CLGD6225, CLGD6235 Compaq AVGA, OAK OTI067, OTI077 akcelerovane: Cirrus CLGD5426, CLGD5428 Western Digital WD90C31 S3 86C911, 86C924, 86C801, 86C805, 86C928 ATI mach8 ATI mach32 8514/A 16 barevny server podporuje libovolnou VGA/EGA kartu mono server navic podporuje kartu Hercules Zvukove karty: - MPU-401 MIDI interface - AdLib - SoundBlaster (1.0-2.0) a kompatibilni, vcetne ThunderBoard a Ati Stereo F/X. - SoundBlaster Pro a SoundBlaster Pro 2 - SoundBlaster 16 - ProAudioSpectrum 16 - Gravis UltraSound Sound driver, ktery Hannu Savolainen zacal psat pro Linux, prerostl v projekt VoxWare podporujici i SCO a ?BSD. Podrobny a aktualni seznam vyzkousene hardware najdete v HOWTO dokumentech, zejmena v HARDWARE-HOWTO. Dalsi informace Jeden ze zakladnich dokumentu je Linux Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), dostupny napr. na sunsite.unc.edu: /pub/Linux/docs/FAQ, ktery je pravidelne posilan na usenetovou skupinu news.answers. Tento dokument obsahuje nejcastejsi otazky, a samozrejme odpovedi, tykajici se Linuxu. Doporucena cetba. V adresari /pub/Linux/docs na sunsite.unc.edu je mnozstvi dalsich dokumentu o Linuxu, vcetne Linux INFO-SHEET a META-FAQ. Dalsi dokumenty jsou tzv. HOWTO, jejich archiv je v sunsite.unc.edu: /pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO a take v pub.vse.cz:/pub/386-unix/linux/docs/HOWTO. Soubor HOWTO-INDEX obsahuje seznam a popis vsech dostupnych Linux HOWTO. Aby se Linux stal pristupnym novym uzivatelum, musi mit kvalitni manualy. Proto vznikl Linux Documentation Project, v jehoz ramci jsou psany manualove stranky a pet volne siritelnych knih. "Linux Installation and Getting Started" je uz hotova, ostatni: "Linux Kernel Hackers' Guide", "Linux Network Administrators' Guide", "Linux Administrators' Guide" a "Linux Users' Guide" jsou zatim jako drafty; vsechny jsou v adresari /pub/Linux/docs/LDP na sunsite.unc.edu, resp. v linuxovem archivu docs/LDP na pubu. V ramci USENET news existuje pet skupin zamerenych primo na Linux: comp.os.linux.announce moderovana skupina, na ktere jsou oznamovany novinky comp.os.linux.help comp.os.linux.admin comp.os.linux.development comp.os.linux.misc Na adrese linux-activists-request@niksula.hut.fi je mozne se prihlasit na nekolik desitek ruznych mailing listu, ktere jsou zamereny na ruzne oblasti vyvoje Linuxu, napr. ibcs, kernel, .... Od unora 1994 zacal v USA vychazet specializovany mesicnik Linux Journal. Distribuce Linux, tak jak ho pise Linus, je pouze kernel. Distribuce UNIXu (tj. i Linuxu) je ale slozena z nekolika zakladnich casti. Mimo kernelu jsou to systemove utility, systemove knihovny, konfiguracni soubory, online dokumentace a aplikacni software. Takovych distribuci existuje nekolik. De facto standardem se stal Slackware, jenz je nasledovnikem SLS, Softlanding Linux Software. Na okolo 50 disketach je pres 100MB softwaru, od Emacsu, nekolika programovacich jazyku (GCC, Smalltalk, Common Lisp ...), pres TeX po X. Dalsi distribuce jsou napr. MCC z Manchester Computing Centre, TAMU aj. V soucasnosti Linux nabizi nekolik desitek firem po celem svete, nektere z nich se specializuji na podporu uzivatelu, instalace a upravy systemu na prani. Nekolik distribuci je dodavano take na cdrom. Vyjma Slackware je to vyborne "plug and play" cd spolecnosti Yggdrasil, ktere vychazi ctvrtletne (posledni cislo obsahuje 680MB), Trans-Ameritech nabizi Linux spolu s 386bsd, JANE vydava kazde dva mesice cd, ktere obsahuje ftp server tsx-11.mit.edu spolu s archivem usenetovych skupin comp.os.linux a dalsi. X Pro Linux existuje X Window System, prumyslovy graficky standard pro system UNIX. Vyvoj X sponsoruje X Consorcium, ktere se sklada z nekolika desitek firem, mezi nimi napr. IBM, DEC, HP, SUN. X je volne siritelny system. Soucasti MIT X11 Release 5 distribuce je server X386, ktery se stal zakladem pro vyvoj projektu XFree86, coz je X server pro PC 386. V soucasnosti existuje verze XFree86 2.1 pro vetsinu komercnich systemu (SCO, SVR4) i pro volne siritelne systemy (Linux, 386bsd, Mach 386). Soucasti je nekolik serveru: color, mono, vga16 a servery pro akcelerovane karty. Color server pracuje v 256 barvach a vyzaduje pouzit nekterou z podporovanych SVGA karet (ET4000, Trident...). Velikost virtualni plochy je dana pouze velikosti graficke pameti (1024x1024 pro 1MB VRAM). V pripade mono serveru je u podporovanych karet mozna virtualni plocha omezena velikosti banky 256KB (cca 1600x1200), u nepodporovanych VGA karet pak velikosti banky 64KB (cca 800x600). Tento server podporuje take kartu Hercules. Pri pouziti teto karty v kombinaci s VGA kartou je mozna prace na dvou monitorech soucasne. Vysledne zobrazeni muze byt maximalne rovno velikosti virtualni plochy. Pokud to technicke prostredky nedovoluji (kvalita monitoru), obrazove okno, ktere je vyrezem z virtualni plochy, se jemne posouva ve vsech smerech (jak to znaji uzivatele Amigy). X servery jsou zkompilovany s podporou TCP/IP a lze je prelinkovat i s podporou pro 3D grafiku PEX. Pro Linux+X existuji dve uzivatelske nadstavby, OPENLOOK a MOTIF. OPENLOOK firmy SUN je volne siritelny a obsahuje napr. virtualni manazer, kdy velikost pracovni plochy je omezena pouze velikosti dostupne pameti. MOTIF je komercni produkt Open Software Foundation. FTP servery V ramci CSNETu je nekolik serveru obsahujicich Linux, viz. Prilohy. Ve svete existuje nekolik desitek ftp serveru, kde je mozne Linux najit. Nejvyznamejsi jsou tsx-11.mit.edu, sunsite.unc.edu a ftp.funet.fi, kde ma Linus svuj adresar, do ktereho umistuje nejnovejsi verze kernelu. Textual name Numeric address Linux directory _____________________________________________________________________________ tsx-11.mit.edu 18.172.1.2 /pub/linux sunsite.unc.edu 152.2.22.81 /pub/Linux ftp.funet.fi 128.214.248.6 /pub/OS/Linux net.tamu.edu 128.194.177.1 /pub/linux ftp.mcc.ac.uk 130.88.203.12 /pub/linux src.doc.ic.ac.uk 146.169.2.1 /packages/linux fgb1.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de 129.187.200.1 /pub/linux ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de 131.159.0.110 /pub/Linux ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de 137.226.4.111 /pub/linux ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de 137.226.112.172 /pub/Linux ftp.ibp.fr 132.227.60.2 /pub/linux kirk.bond.edu.au 131.244.1.1 /pub/OS/Linux ftp.uu.net 137.39.1.9 /systems/unix/linux wuarchive.wustl.edu 128.252.135.4 /mirrors/linux ftp.win.tue.nl 131.155.70.100 /pub/linux ftp.stack.urc.tue.nl 131.155.2.71 /pub/linux srawgw.sra.co.jp /Linux cair.kaist.ac.kr /pub/Linux ftp.denet.dk 129.142.6.74 /pub/OS/linux NCTUCCCA.edu.tw 140.111.1.10 /Operating-Systems/Linux nic.switch.ch 130.59.1.40 /mirror/linux/sunsite monu1.ccmonash.edu.au 130.194.1.101 /pub/linux Instalace V teto casti je popsana instalace Slackware distribuce, kterou sestavil a spravuje Patrick J. Volkerding. Je to jedna z nejpopularnejsich distribuci, ktera vznikla jako nastupce Softlanding Linux Software, obsahujici velke mnozstvi softwaru. Sklada se z nekolika serii disket, pricemz kazda z nich obsahuje urcity typ softwaru (napr. d serie obsahuje development tools tj. kompilatory a dalsi vyvojove prostredky). Slackware se instaluje velmi snadno, kazdy krok je podrobne popsan. Lze si vybrat, ktere serie se maji instalovat, prip. je mozne dalsi instalovat nebo naopak odinstalovat pozdeji. Zde je popsan Slackware verze 1.2.0, instalace novejsich verzi by mela byt velmi podobna. Informace o nekterych dalsich distribucich lze nalezt v "Linux Installation and Getting Started" nebo v Distribution-HOWTO. Slackware obsahuje tyto serie disket: A Zakladni system. Obsahuje minimalni prostredky napr. elvis, kermit. Verze kernelu je 1.0. Tyto diskety se vejdou i na 1.2M, zbytek Slackware pouze na 1.44M. Mate-li pouze 1.2M mechaniku, muzete nainstalovat zakladni sytem a ostatni diskety prenest pomoci napr. kermitu pres seriovy port na hard disk a instalovat z nej. AP Aplikace napr. groff, ispell, term, joe, jove, ghostscript, sc, bc, manualove stranky. D Development tools. GCC/C++/Objective C 2.5.8, make (GNU a BSD), BSD yacc, GNU bison, flex, 4.5.25 C libraries, gdb (GNU debugger), clisp (Common Lisp), f2c a p2c (prekladace fortran77 resp.pascal do C), m4, perl, rcs (Revision and Control System), knihovny SVGAlib, ncurses, zdrojove texty kernelu 1.0. E GNU Emacs 19.22. F FAQs. Ruzne dokumenty a Frequently Asked Questions. I Info. Dokumentace k ruznemu GNU softwaru, ktere lze cist pomoci Emacsu nebo programu info. N Networking. TCP/IP, UUCP, software pro elektronickou postu mailx, dip, deliver, elm, pine, smail, a USENET news cnews, nn, tin, trn. OOP Object Oriented Programming. GNU Smalltalk 1.1.1 a X Smalltalk Interface (STIX). TCL Tool Command Language. Tcl, Tk, TclX, blt, itcl. Y Games. BSD hry a Tetris pro terminaly. X Zakladni XFree86 2.1 system. XAP X aplikace, napr. X ghostscript, ghostview, libgr13, seyon, workman, xv 3.00, GNU chess a dalsi. XD X11 development, X11 knihovny, sever linkkit, PEX support. XV XView 3.2 release 5. XView knihovny, Open Look virtualni a nevirtualni manazery. IV InterViews 3.11. InterViews knihovny, doc, idraw a ostatni InterViews aplikace. OI Object Builder 2.0 a Object Interface Library 4.0 firmy ParcPlace. T TeX, LaTeX a dalsi programy pro elektronickou sazbu. Slackware muzete najit na mnoha FTP serverech, napr.: ftp.cdrom.com:/pub/linux/slackware - hlavni misto sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/distributions/slackware v Cechach: pub.vse.cz:/pub/386-unix/linux/Slackware - mirror kazdou noc V Slackware adresari najdete nekolik README souboru obsahujicich aktualni informace, SLACKWARE FAQ a Instalation-HOWTO. K vlastni instalaci budete potrebovat minimalne diskety A serie, ostatni jsou volitelne. Vsechny vyse popsane diskety vyhovuji MSDOS formatu, tj. maji jmena dlouha 8 znaku, jednu tecku a priponu 3 znaky. Pomoci FTP je nahrajete na msdos naformatovane diskety. Dale budete potrebovat jednu disketu na bootdisk a jednu na rootdisk. Obe musi byt bud 1.44M nebo 1.2M, podle toho jakou mate bootovaci mechaniku. Bootdisky najdete v adresari install/1_44meg/bootdisks, resp. install/1_2meg/bootdisks. Soubor README v techto adresarich obsahuje popis jednotlivych souboru. Pomoci FTP preneste jeden z techto souboru na harddisk: bare.gz bootovaci disketa obsahujici podporu pouze pro IDE hard disky, tj. zadna podpora SCSI, CD-ROM, networking. Pouzijte tento disk, mate-li IDE radic a neplanujete instalovat ze site nebo z CDROM. xt.gz bootovaci disketa s podporou IDE a XT hard disku cd.gz podpora IDE hard disku a ne SCSI CD-ROM mechanik, pouzijte pouze v pripade instalace z CD-ROM cdscsi.gz podpora IDE, SCSI a ne SCSI CDROM scsi.gz IDE, SCSI hard disky a SCSI CDROM net.gz IDE hard disk a podpora TCP/IP networking, planujete-li instalaci pres NFS scsinet.gz IDE, SCSI hard disky, SCSI CDROM, TCP/IP networking nejuniversalnejsi bootdisk, doporucujeme zkusit jako prvni a v pripade nejakych problemu jeden z vyse uvedenych Potrebujete pouze jeden z techto disku a to pouze pro instalaci. Pouzijete-li tedy napr. disk bez podpory TCP/IP, neznamena to, ze nemuzete TCP/IP pouzivat. Duvod, proc je nekolik ruznych bootdisku, jsou konflikty mezi nekterym hardwarem. Aby uzivatel nemusel laborovat s deskami, je snazsi pouzit pouze bootdisk s podporou urciteho hardware a odstranit tyto problemy pozdeji napr. jinym nakonfigurovanim kernelu. Vetsina uzivatelu vystaci s scsi.gz nebo bare.gz. Rootdisk. Tento disk budete potrebovat po nabootovani pomoci bootdisku. Opet je nutny pouze pri instalaci a je (jsou) umisteny v install/1_44meg/rootdisks resp. install/1_2meg/rootdisks. Potrebujete jeden z nasledujicich souboru: color144.gz pro instalaci ovladanou pomoci barevnych menu pro mechaniky 1.44M vyhovuje pro vetsinu uzivatelu tty144.gz v pripade problemu s color144.gz zkuste tento, instalace neni tak "komfortni", tj. barevna a nejsou pouzita menu, vysledna instalace je samozrejme stejna colrlite.gz jako color144.gz, ale odlehcene pro pouziti s 1.2M tty12.gz jako tty144.gz pro 1.2M diskety Dalsi soubory v adresari Slackware potrebne pro vytvoreni boot a root disku: GZIP.EXE MSDOS verze gzipu (GNU zip), nutne pro dekompresi souboru koncicich na .gz RAWRITE.EXE MSDOS program, ktery prepise soubor primo na disketu bez nutnosti nejakeho file formatu, nutne k vytvoreni boot a root disku Tyto dva programy potrebujete pouze v pripade, planujete-li vytvoreni boot a root disku na pocitaci s MSDOS systemem. Pouzivate-li UNIX, vytvorite tyto disky pomoci dd a gzipu. Soubory v adresarich a1, a2, a3 obsahuji serii A, tj. minimalni system. Tyto tri disky jsou k instalaci nutne a pri ftp je umistete do ruznych adresaru, nesmi se smichat. To same plati i pro ostatni serie. Muzete je prekopirovat na diskety, nebo instalovat z hard disku. Dulezite. Pri ftp pouzivejte binarni mod a pouzivejte "mget * ", tj. NE "mget *.*". Vlastni instalace je mozna z disket, z MSDOS partition obsahujici stejnou adresarovou strukturu jako adresar Slackware, tj. jednotlive serie, ne nutne vsechny. Dale muzete instalovat z CDROM a pres NFS, coz ale predpoklada spolupraci ze strany spravce site. Vytvoreni boot a root diskety Tyto diskety musite mit nezavisle na tom, jaky typ instalace chcete pouzit. Nejdrive dekompresujte bootdisk a rootdisk pomoci programu GZIP.EXE. Napr. mate soubor bare.gz obsahujici bootdisk: C: GZIP -D BARE.GZ vytvori soubor bare. Stejnym zpusobem vytvorite rootdisk, tj. C: GZIP -D COLOR144.GZ Nyni musite mit dve high density naformatovane diskety 1.44M nebo 1.2M. Pouzijte program RAWRITE.EXE k preneseni boot a root disku na diskety, ktere nesmi obsahovat zadne spatne bloky. Tyto diskety nejsou pod MSDOS citelne. Vlastni instalace V teto casti si popiseme, jak pripravit vas pocitac k instalaci Slackwaru (tento postup je obecny pro vetsinu distribuci) a jak tuto instalaci provest. Repartitioning Linux muze byt na jednom disku s jinymi operacnimi systemy jako napr. MSDOS nebo OS/2. Pred instalaci je nutne vytvorit jednu nebo i vice partition a to s sebou nese nutnost zmeny dosavadni struktury disku, pri ktere budou znicena stavajici data. Proto si udelejte backup vseho, co chcete zachovat. Pozn.: Existuje nedestruktivni program pro zmenu diskovych partition pro MSDOS, ktery se jmenuje FIPS. Najdete ho na sunsite.unc.edu: /pub/Linux/system/Install. S timto programem, programem pro optimalizaci disku napr. Norton Disk Doctor a trochou stesti muzete zmenit velikost msdos partition bez zniceni dat. Nyni pomoci MSDOS programu FDISK vytvorite partition pozadovane velikosti, kterou chcete venovat pro MSDOS. (Samozrejme chcete-li vubec MSDOS pouzivat). Stejne se postupuje i v pripade jinych systemu, napr. OS/2. Vytvoreni partition pro Linux Jestlize mate vytvoreny partitions pro jine systemy, muzete pristoupit k vytvoreni jedne nebo vice partitions pro Linux. Nejlepe je mit dve, jednu pro root filesystem, montovanou na / a druhou pro swap, pouzitou jako virtualni pamet. Samozrejme je mozne i jine rozvrzeni, napr. malou root partition, velkou montovanou na /usr, dalsi na /home a podobne. Jestlize mate 4MB RAM a mene je swap partition nutnosti i pri instalaci, jestlize mate mene nez 16MB RAM je dobre ji mit take. Jeji velikost se vetsinou voli tak, aby velikost RAM plus velikost swap presahovala minimalne 16MB. Nyni je cas nabootovat Slackware bootdisk. Po nabootovani Slackware bootdisku se vypise hlaseni: Please remove the boot kernel disk from your floppy drive, insert a disk to be loaded into the ramdisk, and press enter to continue. Nyni vyjmete bootdisk a vlozte misto nej rootdisk. Potom stisknete enter. Pote co se nahraje rootdisk do pameti, se objevi login prompt. Zalogujte se coby "root". darkstar login: root # Pro vytvoreni Linux partitions pouzijte Linux fdisk. Po zalogovani, napiste fdisk "drive", kde drive je jmeno disku, na kterem chcete partition vytvorit. Mozna jmena jsou: /dev/hda - prvni IDE disk /dev/hdb - druhy IDE disk /dev/sda - prvni SCSI disk /dev/sdb - druhy SCSI disk atd. Napr. k vytvoreni Linux partitions na prvnim SCSI disku pouzijte prikaz: fdisk /dev/sda fdisk bez argumentu je identicky s fdisk /dev/hda. Pouziti fdisku je snadne. Prikaz "p" vypise soucasny stav, "n" vytvori novou partition a "d" vymaze partition. Help, resp. seznam moznych prikazu, se vypise prikazem "m". Kazda partition ma jmeno vytvorene ze jmena disku, tj. prvni partition na disku /dev/hda se jmenuje /dev/hda1, druha /dev/hda2 atd. Pozn.: Je mozne vytvaret a mazat partitions i pro jine operacni systemy. Proti mazani nelze mit namitek, ale vytvareni se nedoporucuje. Napr. MSDOS nemusi takto vytvorenou partition rozeznat a spravne pouzivat. Priklad pouziti programu fdisk. Mame jednu MSDOS partition o velikosti 61693 bloku, zbytek je volny pro Linux. (V Linuxu ma jeden blok velikost 1024 bytu, tj. 61693 bloku je zhruba 61 megabytu.) Vytvorime dve Linuxove partition, jednu swap a jednu pro root. Prikazem "p" zjistime soucasnou situaci: ______________________________________________________________________________ Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/hda: 16 heads, 38 sectors, 683 cylinders Units = cylinders of 608 * 512 bytes Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 * 1 1 203 61693 6 DOS 16-bit >=32M Command (m for help): ________________________________________________________________________________ Nyni prikazem "n" vytvorime novou partition. Linux root partition bude mit treba 80 megabyte. ________________________________________________________________________________ Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p ________________________________________________________________________________ Primary partition je jedna ze 4 moznych partition na vasem disku, extended partition dovoluje prekonat tento limit a vytvorit dalsi logicke partition. Vetsinou vystacite s primary partition, pokud nepotrebujete mit na disku vic jak 4 partition. _______________________________________________________________________________ Partition number (1-4): 2 First cylinder (204-683): 204 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (204-683): +80M _______________________________________________________________________________ First cylinder by mel byt cylinder nasledujici po predchozi partition. V nasem pripade /dev/hda1 konci na cylindru 203, takze nasi partition zacneme na cylindru 204. Pro specifikaci velikosti jsme pouzili zapis "+80M", coz znamena 80 megabytu. Podobne zapis "+80K" by znamenalo 80 kilobytu a "+80" pouze 80 bytu. _______________________________________________________________________________ Warning: Linux cannot currently use 33090 sectors of this partition _______________________________________________________________________________ Jestlize se objevi toto hlaseni, tak ho proste ignorujte. Drive, kdyz se pouzival minix filesystem, existovalo omezeni velikosti partition do 64 megabytu. Second Extended Filesystem muze mit velikost partition do 4 terabytu. Nyni vytvorime 10 megabytovou swap partition /dev/hda3. _______________________________________________________________________________ Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 3 First cylinder (474-683): 474 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (474-683): +10M _______________________________________________________________________________ "p" zobrazi soucasny stav Pozn.: poznamenejte si nasledujici informace, zejmena velikost (Blocks), budete ji potrebovat pozdeji _______________________________________________________________________________ Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/hda: 16 heads, 38 sectors, 683 cylinders Units = cylinders of 608 * 512 bytes Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 * 1 1 203 61693 6 DOS 16-bit >=32M /dev/hda2 204 204 473 82080 83 Linux native /dev/hda3 474 474 507 10336 83 Linux native _______________________________________________________________________________ Protoze typ partition se automaticky nastavuje na "Linux native", musime ho zmenit na "Linux swap". To se provede prikazem "t": _______________________________________________________________________________ Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-4): 3 Hex code (type L to list codes): 82 _______________________________________________________________________________ Pouzijete-li "L", vypise se seznam kodu, kde zjistime, ze "Linux swap" je 82. Pro ulozeni nastaveni a ukonceni fdisku pouzijeme prikaz "w". Pro ukonceni fdisku bez ulozeni pouzijeme "q". Po ukonceni fdisku se objevi hlaseni vyzyvajici k prebootovani. Toto hlaseni se objevuje z historickych duvodu, s fdiskem z Slackware neni k prebootovani duvod. Priprava swap partition. Jestlize mate pomoci fdisku vytvorenou partition, ktera je oznacena jako swap, je nutne ji pred prvnim pouzitim pripravit pomoci prikazu mkswap /dev/"partition" velikost, napr.: mkswap /dev/hda1 16000 pricemz velikost je rovna velikosti, kterou jste vytvorili pomoci fdisku, ve sloupci Blocks. Pote ji prikazem swapon /dev/"partition" aktivujete, napr. swapon /dev/hda1 Techto partition je mozne mit i vice. Je take mozne pouzivat swap file, kde misto "/dev/partition" uvedete jmeno souboru, ktery vytvorite pomoci dd o potrebne velikosti. Priprava swap file je potom stejna jako swap partition, tj. mkswap a swapon. Obecne je ale pristup k swap partition rychlejsi nez k swap file, optimalni je proto mit partition a pouze v pripade potreby pridat swap file. Instalace software. Instalace Slackware se provede prikazem setup. V pripade rootdisku color jsou pro nastaveni a vyber jednotlivych serii pouzita menu, v pripade tty rootdisku odpovedi na otazky. V obou pripadech je vsechno pomerne dukladne popsano a v teto fazi neni nutny zadny dalsi manual. Pokud nebudete chtit bootovat z harddisku, resp. chtit pouzivat LILO, pripravte si jednu naformatovanou hd disketu typu vasi bootovaci mechaniky. Po nainstalovani softwaru se na ni vytvori bootdisk. Po vytvoreni partitions a pripraveni swapu (pokud je treba) spustte prikaz setup. Nasleduje nabidka barevnych menu s moznosti nastaveni ruznych options, napr. "source" - odkud se ma instalovat, "target" - kam se ma instalovat apod. Nabidka options obsahuje moznost techto nastaveni: 1. Addswap. Jestlize jste vytvorili pomoci fdisku swap partition, muzete je pripravit a aktivovat take pomoci tohoto menu. Jedna se o stejnou operaci, ktera je popsana v odstavci o pripraveni swap partition. Pozn. pokud nemate 8MB pameti, je mozne, ze se nepodari setup vubec spustit a v tom pripade musite pripravit a aktivovat swap rucne. 2. Source. Zde se specifikuje odkud se ma instalovat, lze si vybrat z napr. disket nebo harddisku. V pripade disket dale nasleduje volba mechaniky A nebo B, v pripade harddisku upresneni partition a adresare. 3. Target. V tomto menu si zvolite ze seznamu moznych partition na kterou resp. ktere partition se ma instalovat. Vyberete si root partition a nasleduje dotaz, ma-li se naformatovat, resp. ktery file format se ma pouzit. Doporucujeme preformatovat a pouzit Second Extended Filesystem (ext2fs). Muzete si take vybrat pripadne dalsi mozne partitions a urcit, kam se maji namontovat, napr. na /usr. 4. Disksets. Tato volba umoznuje specifikovat serie, ktere se maji nainstalovat. 5. Install. Po nastaveni vyse uvedenych options je vsechno pripraveno k instalaci. Nasleduje dotaz, jestli ma byt pouzit prompt mod. V tom pripade budete pred kazdym balikem dotazovani, ma-li byt nainstalovan. Jestlize nejste expert nebo instalujete Linux prvne, pouzijte mod "normal" a nechte vsechno na sytemu. Nyni budete jen prehazovat diskety. V kazdem okamziku jste informovani, ktery balik se instaluje a co obsahuje. Baliky oznacene "required" se instaluji automaticky, u baliku oznacenych "optional" si v prompt modu muzete vybrat. Vzdy je ale muzete nainstalovat pozdeji. Po nainstalovani vsech vybranych serii muzete vytvorit bootdisk, nastavit modem, mys a provest zakladni nakonfigurovani site. Jste take dotazani, ma-li se automaticky spoustet program selection. Tento program slouzi k prenaseni textu mezi virtualnimi konzolemi pomoci mysi (cut and paste). Pokud chcete bootovat Linux z harddisku, nainstalujte program LILO (LInux LOader). Pomoci neho si muzete vybirat, ktery system se ma po zapnuti bootovat. Pozn. Pokud je Linux na disku se systemem OS/2, pouzijte jeho Boot Manager. Toto je problem ze strany OS/2. Cas prebootovat. Pokud pouzivate LILO, pak na zacatku bootovani zmacknete nekterou z klaves "Shift", "Ctrl" nebo "Alt". Nasleduje prompt, kde uvedete, ktery system se ma nabootovat. Seznam moznosti se vypise klavesou "Tab". Pozn. LILO je mozne v Linuxu vselijak konfigurovat, specifikovat system, ktery se ma bootovat automaticky, jak dlouho se ma na zacatku cekat apod. Jestlize se Linux nabootoval a zalogovali jste se jako "root" (heslo neni nastavene), jedna z prvnich veci, kterou byste meli udelat, je vytvoreni sveho uctu, noveho uzivatele. Pouzivani uzivatele "root", tj. superusera, omezte na minimum, pouze na nutnou spravu systemu. Pokud ma k tomuto pocitaci pristup vice lidi nebo je zapojen do site, zadejte prikazem passwd pro roota nove heslo. Noveho uzivatele zalozite prikazem adduser, priklad: # adduser Login to add (^C to quit): ebersol Full Name: Norbert Ebersol GID [100]: 100 UID [501]: 501 Home Directory [/home/ebersol]: /home/ebersol Shell [/bin/bash]: /bin/bash Password [ebersol]: new.password Information for new user [ebersol]: Home directory: [/home/ebersol] Shell: [/bin/bash] Password: [new.password] UID: [502] GID:[100] Is this correct? [y/n]: y Pokud nemate se spravou UNIXu zkusenosti, prectete si nejakou knihu s timto zamerenim. Zaklady jsou ve vsech UNIXech vicemene stejne, staci libovolny uvod do UNIXu. Popis Linux archivu na pub.vse.cz Tento archiv je v adresari /pub/386-unix/linux. Kazdou noc se mirroruji vybrane casti nekolika serveru, napr. sunsite, tsx-11 aj. Dale je zde mozne najit software, ktery se byl oznamen na linux.announce a upoutal. ALPHA nektere zajimave projekty, ktere jsou ve vyvoji napr. dosemu, ibcs, Wine, double CZECH Linux a cestina GCC GNU C kompilator pro Linux mirror tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/packages/GCC SLS distribuce, link na distribution/SLS Slackware distribuce, link na distribution/Slackware TeX TeX software, elektronicka sazba mirror tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/packages/TeX X11 X software, XFree86 mirror sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/X11 Yggdrasil CDROM distribuce pro nedostatek mista pouze prilezitostne apps ruzne aplikace, napr. math, graphics, sound, comm castecny mirror sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/apps devel vyvojove prostredky, jazyky Ada, Modula 2, Lisp, Prolog, Smalltalk, Tcl, prostredky pro preklad programu pro msdos castecny mirror sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/devel docs ruzne dokumenty, FAQ, HOWTOs, LDP ... distributions ruzne distribuce - SLS, Slackware, ... games hry pro Linux, textove, strategicke, akcni, pro X ... mirror sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/games packages ruzny software, ktery byl prenesen prilezitostne system kernel, knihovny, software pro administraci, sitovani, komunikaci, BBS, shelly aj. castecny mirror sunsite.unc.edu: /pub/Linux/system /pub/Linux/libs a mirror Linusova adresare na nic.funet.fi V adresarich, ktere jsou mirror sunsite, je soubor INDEX, ve kterem je strucny obsah. Zdrojove texty od GNU software jsou v pub.vse.cz: /pub/GNU Priklad nekterych zajimavych adresaru: X11 (INDEX) SLACKWARE distribuce ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Diamond.FAQ Info on using Diamond boards with xfree86 X-servers/ the stuff to get X-Windows running on a Linux machine X386.modeDB.z Clock timing list for many montiors and cards XFree86-2.1/ Version 2.1 of XFree86 Xconfigs/ sample Xconfig's for various monitor/card combos andrew/ the andrew toolkit and related apps demos/ cute little programs that aren't terribly useful devel/ information/works in progress for developing X servers epoch/ a version of GNU Emacs 18.58 for X games/ fun things to waste time with install/ instructions and programs to aid you with installing X libs/ misc/ The dreaded miscellaneous... motif/ various statically-linked motif binaries private/ private development stuff tinyX/ a *small* X distribution (fits on one floppy) toys/ Those silly little X things nobody really needs viper/ information on the ongoing viper server development window-managers/ replacement Window managers xapps/ large useful packages that run under X xutils/ utilities that run under X or manipulate X environments X11/xapps (INDEX) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ comm/ Seyon, xcomm, and other X comm programs editors/ X-Windows text editors graphics/ Graphics programs (viewers, drawers, etc) for X icao.060b.BIN.LINUX.tar.z bins for icao icao.060b.DOC.ps.z documentation for a map drwaing program icao.060b.SOURCE.tar.z src for icao - does map projections & editing khoros-1.0.5.tar.gz image processing, digital sig proc, and sci. computing math/ Various math progs for X networked/ Tools designed to run over a net (i.e. xgopher) spice.kit.T.Z Info on getting spice (circuit emulator) for linux xcalend.tar.Z graphical calendar and datebook xmailtool-4-linux.tgz mail program under X (standard widgets) X11/devel (INDEX) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- XVhelp-1.00.tar help system based on XView (ala winhelp) Xm++.0.52.tar.Z C++ wrappers for motif and athena widgets afm-for-doc.tz fonts for interview's doc alpha-drivers/ X windows drivers still under development fwf-3.6-linux.tar.gz widgets from the Free Widget Foundation imake.tar.Z Better make - uses c preprocessor to create Makefiles iv31-bin.tgz interviews binaries [w/ doc, idraw] iv31-src.tgz binaries of all of InterViews 3.1 suit.tpz Simple User Interface Toolkit w/ shared libs supervga-info/ Docs on various supervga cards vgakit/ Various VAG development libraries wafe-0.95-linux.tgz wafe = tcl + tk + athena 3D + misc tools wxWin.COPYING Copyright policy for wxWin wxWin_docs.tgz docs for wxWin wxWin_linux.tgz C++ GUI toolkit for Motif, Open Look and Windows xgks-2.5.5.tar.gz ANSI graphical library for X xgrasp.1.7.d.linux.tar.gz xtpnl-lx.tgz X-oriented Interface-Builder iv-3.1l.1-diffs.gz diffs for building interviews 3.1 iv-3.1l.1-bin.tar.gz interviews binaries [w/ doc, idraw] X11/andrew (INDEX) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- FAQ.andrew Frequently asked questions about andrew andrew61.prog.tar.gz programming kit for andrew 6.1 andrew61.tar.gz port of the andrew 6.1 multimedia toolkit auis62L1-wp.tgz AUIS (ATK) 6.2 multimedia editor games (INDEX) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- actionrpg/ action roleplaying games ala hack astrolog4_1.tgz provides graphical horoscopes bsd-games.bin-1.3.tar.gz binaries of popular bsd distribution games bsd-games.src-1.3.tar.gz ported source for some bsd distribution games cal.tar.gz displays calendar for any month, any year dr_mario.tar.Z dr_mario.txt Info on Dr. Mario game empire/ Exmpire for X gnuchess-src.tar.Z GNU's chess (for ttys) hangman.tar.Z The classic word game muds/ Various MultiUserDungions (for tcp/ip) purity.tar.Z automated administrator of various tests rain-src.tar.Z sail.tar.Z sokoban-src.tar.Z textrpg/ text based role-playing games ala adventure torus-src.tar.Z video/ video games x11/ games which run under X yahtzee-src.tar.Z Everybody knows this one (for ttys) devel/ada (INDEX) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Adaed-1.11.0a.tar.z Source for an ada interpreter adaed.tar.z Binaries & patches to compile an ada interpreter gnat-1.78-lp1.tar.gz ada front-end for gcc devel/modula-2 (INDEX) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- beg1.75-linux.tar.gz generates source code from a code selector description mocka9404main-linux.tar.gz binaries of a modula-2 compiler mocka9404src.tar.gz source for a modula-2 compiler (modula-2) devel/lisp (INDEX) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- akcl-1-615.tar.z Original src for Austin Kyoto Common Lisp akcl-bin.tar.z Linux bins w/ -m486, jt 4.3 of Austin Kyoto Common Lisp akcl-linux.tar.z Source changes to compiler Austin Kyoto Common Lisp clisp-source.tar.z Common Lisp, full source clisp.tar.z Common Lisp, Linux binaries clx.tar.z Common Lisp to X interface kcl.tar.z Kyoto Common Lisp sources umb-scheme.linux.tar.gz UMB scheme devel/msdos (INDEX) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- emx-gcc.tar.gz let's gcc produce DOS executables go32crs.tgz linux -> msdos cross compilation system devel/prolog (INDEX) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- swipr-man.tar.Z Manual for SWI prolog swipr-rest.tar.Z Bootstrap for SWI prolog swipr-src.tar.Z C source for SWI prolog pl-1.8.5.tar.gz source for SWI prolog devel/smalltalkx (INDEX) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- COPYRIGHT copyright information LICENSE distribution license bitmaps.tar.Z bitamps doc.tar.Z documentation exe.tar.Z executables (this it the only required file) goodies.tar.Z various goodies source.tar.Z sample source devel/tcl (INDEX) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- blt1.3-bin.tar.z extra widgets for tk (shared libs) blt1.3-src.tar.z extra widgets for tk itcl1.3-bin.tar.z shared libraries for itcl (OO extensions to tcl) itcl1.3-src.tar.z source for itcl (OO extensions to tcl) tcl7.3-bin.tar.z shared libraries for tcl 7.3 tcl7.3-src.tar.z source for tcl 7.3 tclMotif.1.0.Linux.binary.tar.Z static binaries of tclMotif tclMotif.1.0.tar.Z source for tclMotif - tcl bindings for Motif widgets tclX7.3a-bin.tar.z shared libraries for tclX tclX7.3a-src.tar.z source for tclX tk3.6p1-bin.tar.z X11 widget set tightly integrated w/ tcl tk3.6p1-src.tar.z X11 widget set tightly integrated w/ tcl [src] tclMotif.1.1.Linux.binary.tar.gz statix binaries of tclMotif tclMotif.1.1.tar.gz source for tclMotif - tcl bindings for Motif widgets tclX7.3ap1-bin.tar.z shared libraries for tclX tclX7.3ap1-src.tar.z tcl add on which adds many unixy functions blt1.6-bin.tar.gz extra widgets for tk (shared libs) blt1.6-src.tar.gz extra widgets for tk apps/graphics (INDEX) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- blobs.tgz blobs flying around zapping each other convert/ programs which convert between graphics formats fbm-1.0-bin.tar.z Binaries of the FBM graphic package gle-3.3e-bin.tar.gz high-quality tool to create 2&3 Dim. graphs [bin] gle-3.3e-src.tar.gz high-quality tool to create 2&3 Dim. graphs [src] gs_vgalib source for ghostscript vgalib device l ibgr-1.3.tar.gz@ graphics library w/ tiff, jpeg, etc. morphine-1.0.linux.tar.gz GIF morphing program rays/ ray-tracing programs tiff-tools-3.3A.tar.gz misc tools for TIFF file manipulation tifftool-3.2b-bin.tar.z binaries from the 'tiff' package [jt 4.3] urt-3.1b-bin.tar.z programs from the Utah Raster Toolkit V3.1b viewers/ programs to display various graphic formats apps/math (INDEX) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- bc102A.taz GNU's binary calculator gcc 2.3.3 & jt 4.2 felix-2-1-Linux_bin.tar.gz computer algebra system felt-2.0.tar.gz tool for finite element analysis gnuplot_35_patch.tgz patch fix problems w/ suid versions gplotbin.tgz binary of gnu's plotting tool octave-bin-1.0.tar.gz MATLAB lookalike [bin] octave-src-1.0.tar.gz MATLAB lookalike (numerical methods package) [src] oleo.tar.z GNU's spreadsheet rlab-0.75.tar.z a "MATLAB-like" matrix-oriented programming language sc.tar.Z the Spread Sheet Calculator (based on curses/termlib) apps/sound (INDEX) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- CDplayer-0.1.tar.z command-line audio cd player Lsox.tar.gz linux version of the sox sound coversion util WorkBone-0.1.tar.gz curses based CD player glib19f.tar.gz Librarian and editor for electronic synthesizers mixers/ audio mixers mtalk-0.4.tgz low bandwidth speech over networks mtalkf-0.9f.tar.gz full rate version of mtalk players/ plays various audio formats speech/ various speech manipulation tools xztalk-1.2+term.tar.gz xztalk w/ term support xztalk-1.2.tar.gz motif interface to ztalk ztalk03+vm.tar.gz voice over internet w/ voicemail Licence Copyright kernelu, GNU softwaru, LDP je upraven v nasledujici licenci: GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. Preamble The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights. We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software. Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you". Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License. c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.) These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program. In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License. 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code. 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License. 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances. It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice. This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License. 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. NO WARRANTY 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker. , 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License. Pristup k archivum Internetu pro zacinajici uzivatele Co potrebujete vedet ? Zakladnim protokolem pro prenos souboru v Internetu je FTP (File Transfer Protocol), ktery umoznuje uzivatelum interaktivni zpusob rizeni prenosu souboru mezi jednotlivymi uzly site. Typickym zpusobem pristupu k obsahu vzdaleneho archivu je interaktivni navazani spojeni se vzdalenym serverem, nalezeni pozadovaneho souboru v souborovem systemu vzdaleneho pocitace a nasledny prenos souboru do prostredi lokalniho systemu. Architektura klient x server teto sluzby umoznuje do velke miry skryt specifika operacniho systemu vzdaleneho pocitace, v jehoz prostredi je archiv realizovan. Prace s adresari Naprosta vetsina FTP serveru Internetu je realizovana v hierarchickem systemu adresaru znamych z operacnich systemu Unix ci MS DOS a nebo tento adresarovy system simuluje. K zakladnim prikazum patri cd cesta Tento prikaz nastavi zadany adresar jako aktualni. Nejcastejsimi zpusoby zadani cesty je bud zadani v absolutnim tvaru napr. /pub/386-unix/linux nebo v relativnim tvaru vztazenemu k aktualnimu adresari, napr. 386-unix/linux. Zpusob interpretace cesty seodvozuje od prveho znaku parametru, znak "/" reprezentuje odkaz na hlavni adresar(root) a tudiz i absolutni zpusob zadani cesty. Dulezitou funkci ma zapis cesty "..", ktery reprezentuje nejblizsi vyssi hierarchickou uroven. Pro usnadneni orientace v souborovem systemu vzdaleneho serveru slouzi prikaz pwd ktery zobrazi jmeno aktualniho adresare. K zobrazeni obsahu aktualniho adresare slouzi prikaz dir ktery zobrazi prehled nazvu vsech souboru v danem adresari a seznam vsech bezprostredne podrizenych podadresaru. Seznamy jsou velmi casto vypisovany ve tvaru znamych z vypisu adresaru unixovych systemu, podadresar je pak zpravidla oznacen pismenem d v prve pozici. Priklad: C:> dir 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls. total 14 -rw-r----- 1 1017 106 714 Jan 11 03:35 .cache.gn -r--r--r-- 1 1017 106 743 Jan 1 21:00 00_index.txt drwxrwxr-x 3 1017 106 512 Nov 30 19:09 Mosaic-windows drwxrwxr-x 8 1017 106 512 Dec 23 02:13 mcafee drwxrwxr-x 2 1017 106 512 Dec 12 02:04 pmail Transferred 476 bytes in 1 seconds (0.757 Kbytes/sec) 226 Transfer complete. C:> Prace s programem pro prenos souboru Program pro prenos souboru na lokalnim pracovisti spustime zpravidla prikazem ftp uzel-site kde uzel-site je identifikace vzdaleneho pocitace bud ve tvaru domenoveho jmena nebo ve tvaru numerickeho vyjadreni IP adresy pocitace, se kterym chceme navazat spojeni Priklad: ftp pub.vse.cz nebo ftp 146.102.16.9 Pokud pozadovany uzel existuje a je v danem okamziku schopen akceptovat pozadavky uzivatele na prenos souboru, je uzivatel pozadan o zadani uzivatelskeho jmena. Z hlediska zpristupneni obsahu archivu pro nejsirsi okruh uzivatelu ma klicovou funkci uzivatelske jmeno anonymous, ktere reprezentuje pozadavek na verejny (neautorizovany) pristup ke zdrojum serveru. Jestlize server podporuje tento zpusob pristupu, pak v nasledujicim kroku pozaduje zadani plne elektronicke adresy uzivatele, ktery pozaduje pristup. V pripade uspesne autorizacni procedury je vzdaleny server pripraven plnit pozadavky uzivatele. Prikazem ascii³binary se nastavuje mod prenosu souboru. Pri prenosu souboru v modu ascii se automaticky provadeji vsechny potrebne konverze mezi kody, ukoncovacimi znaky radku atd. Tento mod je proto vhodny pro prenos vsech souboru textoveho charakteru a to zejmena mezi ruznymi operacnimi systemy a byva zpravidla implicitne nastaven pri spusteni programem ftp. Chybu vsak neudelate, kdyz mod prenosu nastavite vzdy explicitne. Mod binary definuje, ze se nemaji provadet zadne konverze, a proto preneseny soubor bude vernou kopii sveho zdroje. Dulezitym, byt zjednodusenym, voditkem pro uzivatele muze byt konvence, ze soubory s priponamy .zip, .arc, .exe, .com, .Z, .gif a nektere dalsi prenasime ze vzdaleneho serveru v tomto modu. Prehled zakladnich formatu souboru v Internetu. |-------|------------------|--------|---------------------------| | Typ | | Pripona| | | poci- | Program / typ | souboru| Mod prenosu | | tace | | | | |-------|------------------|--------|---------------------------| | | | | | | Mac | MacBinary | .bin | binary (Encoded) | | | | | | | Mac | Compact Pro | .cpt | binary (kompresovano) | | | | | | | Mac | BinHex 4.0 | .hqx | ascii (Encoded) | | | | | | | Mac | samorozpakovavaci| .sea | binary (Mac aplikace) | | | | | | | Mac | StuffIt | .sit | binary (kompresovano) | | | | | | | PC | ARC, PKPAK | .arc | binary (kompresovano) | | | | | | | PC | ARJ | .arj | binary (kompresovano) | | | | | | | PC | LHArc | .lzh | binary (kompresovano) | | | | | | | PC | PAK | .pak | binary (kompresovano) | | | | | | | PC | Soundblaster | .voc | binary (zvuk) | | | | | | | PC | WAVE | .wav | binary (zvuk) | | | | | | | PC | PKZIP/InfoZIP | .zip | binary (kompresovano) | | | | | | | PC | zoo | .zoo | binary (kompresovano) | | | | | | | Unix | compress | .Z | binary (kompresovano) | | | &uncompress | | | | Unix | tar | .tar | binary | | | | | | |obecne | PostScript | .ps | ascii | | | | | | |obecne | GIF | .gif | binary (grafika) | | | | | | |obecne | text | .txt | ascii | | | | | | |-------|------------------|--------|---------------------------| Pozadavek na prenos souboru se zadava prikazem get remote_file [local_file] Tento prikaz zajisti prenos souboru remote_file ze vzdaleneho systemu a ulozi jej do souboru local_file lokalniho systemu. Neni-li parametr local_file zadan, bude pouzito jmeno vzdaleneho souboru vhodne upravene pro konvence lokalniho operacniho systemu. Presto neudelate chybu, kdyz tento parametr zadate vzdy, jestlize konvence remote_file neodpovidaji konvenci lokalniho systemu. Prikaz mget remote_files_specification umoznuje pouzivat expanzni znaky (*,?) ve jmene souboru a tim iniciovat prenos skupiny souboru. Parametr remote_file-specification je interpretovan na vzdalenem pocitaci a jmena cilovych lokalnich souboru jsou vytvorena ze jmen originalnich vcetne nutnych konverzi dle konvenci operacniho systemu. Pomocnym, ale zaroven uzitecnym prikazem, zejmena na pomalych komunikacnich linkach, je prikaz hash Tento prikaz prepne (tj. zapne nebo vypne) zobrazeni znaku # po kazdem prenesenem bloku dat, tj. zpravidla po 1024 bytech a umozni si tak udelat alespon ramcovou predstavu o prubehu prenosu. Uzitecnou moznosti, realizovanou ve vetsine FTP klientu je i moznost zadat prikaz lokalnimu pocitaci, zpravidla ve tvaru !prikaz Uzitecnost teto moznosti lze dokumentovat napr. na prikazu !dir, kterym se lze u MS DOS klienta programu FTP ujistit, zda prenos dat bude probihat z/do pozadovaneho adresare. Cinnost programu FTP se ukonci prikazem quit Nasledujici ukazka je realnym dialogem s FTP serverem: C:>ftp pub.vse.cz < -- spusteni programu FTP Connected to pub.vse.cz. 220- 220- Prague University of Economics FTP service 220- Our local time is now: Thu Jan 13 16:47:56 1994 220- Your hostname is: vse470.vse.cz 220- 220- All ftp commands and transfers are logged with your identification. 220- If you don't like this policy, please disconnect just now ! 220- 220- Anonymous ftp users: please provide your e-mail address when you 220- are prompted for password. If you do not have e-mail address (?), 220- use "Firstname.Lastname@" for the password. It is a part of our 220- access policy to have your e-mail address (or name) recorded. 220- 220 pub FTP server (Version wu-2.1c(6) Mon Nov 1 11:26:31 MET 1993) ready. Name (pub.vse.cz:ivo): anonymous < -- zadani uziv. jmena 331 Guest login ok, send your complete e-mail address as password. Password: < -- zadani hesla 230- 230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply. ftp> cd /pub/msdos < -- zpristupnovany adresar 250 CWD command successful. ftp> cd /simtel/xwindows < -- zpristupnovany adresar 250 CWD command successful. ftp> dir < -- vypis obsahu adresare 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls. total 4580 -r--r--r-- 1 1017 106 743 Jan 1 21:00 00_index.txt -r--r--r-- 1 1017 106 1087666 Dec 23 10:45 xap142d1.zip -r--r--r-- 1 1017 106 1208080 Nov 19 20:21 xap14d2.zip -r--r--r-- 1 1017 106 1155802 Nov 19 20:21 xap14d3.zip -r--r--r-- 1 1017 106 1202431 Nov 19 20:21 xap14d4.zip -r--r--r-- 1 1017 106 9578 Dec 3 05:23 xappeal.txt 226 Transfer complete. 481 bytes received in 0.15 seconds (3.2 Kbytes/s) ftp> get xappeal.txt < -- prenos ascii souboru 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for xappeal.txt (9578 bytes). 226 Transfer complete. local: xappeal.txt remote: xappeal.txt 9801 bytes received in 0.046 seconds (2.1e+02 Kbytes/s) ftp> bin < -- nastaveni binarniho modu 200 Type set to I. ftp> get xap142d1.zip < -- prenos binarniho souboru 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for xap142d1.zip (1087666 bytes). 226 Transfer complete. local: xap142d1.zip remote: xap142d1.zip 1087666 bytes received in 5.3 seconds (2e+02 Kbytes/s) ftp> quit < -- ukonceni prace programu 221 Goodbye. C:> Co je dobre jeste vedet o archivnich serverech ? Pokud ma Vas ftp program problemy s dodatecnymi informacnimi vypisy FTP serveru, muzeme je potlacit zadanim pomlcky (-) jako prvniho znaku hesla. Prakticky vsechny anonymni FTP servery obsahuji urcite soubory usnadnujici orientaci na serveru. Dale jsou uvedena "typova jmena" takovych souboru s objasnenim jejich vyznamu. Skutecna jmena obdobnych souboru na danem serveru se mohou drobne lisit. ls-R - obsahuje vypis vsech adresaru daneho serveru. Soubor je obvykle komprimovany a u vetsich serveru miva az nekolik MB. Soubor takoveho rozsahu je vetsinou nepouzitelny. index - obsahuje vypis souboru v urcitem adresari nebo adresarove strukture s jejich strucnym popisem README - obsahuje poznamky k danemu produktu, jeho kopirovani, instalaci a vyuzitelnosti. Anonymni pristup ke vetsine FTP serveru byva omezen na mimopracovni dobu a svatky. Zrizeni anonymniho pristupu k FTP serveru nepatri mezi povinnosti zadne organizace a patri proto k "zakladnim pravidlum slusneho chovani" v siti INTERNET dodrzovani pristupovych pravidel stanovenych spravcem FTP serveru. Veskery FTP provoz (anonymni a neanonymni) je monitorovan a jsou uplatnovany prisne restrikce pri zjisteni neautorizovaneho pristupu nebo neautorizovaneho prenosu dat (napr. nektere FTPservery v USA obsahuji programy s kodovacimi algoritmy DES, ktere podlehaji exportnimu povoleni vlady USA). Pokud dany FTP server obsahuje nektery restriktovany produkt, je to vzdy dostatecne zdurazneno v uvodnich informacich vypisovanych po prihlaseni. Anonymni servery FTP v Ceske akademicke siti (stav ke konci roku 1993) a1well.feld.cvut.cz (147.32.192.31) Zamereni: MS-DOS, BBS, Amiga, Sounds Login: guest, ftp | anonymous Heslo: | Adresar: ! Spravce: musil@feld.cvut.cz, kostal@feld.cvut.cz Poznamka: Novell NetWare obsah identicky s A1 FEL BBS apollo.karlov.mff.cuni.cz (193.84.60.95) Zamereni: MS-DOS, TeX Login: anonymous, ftp Heslo: Adresar: dist, pub dec51.lf2.cuni.cz (193.84.64.5) Zamereni: lekarsky software Login: anonymous, ftp Heslo: Adresar: pub decsys.vsb.cz (158.196.1.10) Zamereni: PC networking Login: anonymous, ftp Heslo: Adresar: pub pristupny pres gopher na decsys.vsb.cz earn.cvut.cz (147.32.1.3) Zamereni: IBM (VM/CMS) soft, docs (Internet, EARN) Login: anonymou, anonymous Heslo: Adresar: public.191, public.200, mail.191 Poznamka: IBM mainframe vyzaduje 'Change Directory' na jeden ze specifikovanych adresaru ftp.cvut.cz (147.32.1.21) Zamereni: Unix, X-Window, TeX, GNU, networking, docs Login: anonymous, ftp Heslo: Adresar: Poznamka: pristupny i pres gopher na gopher.cvut.cz ftp.faf.cuni.cz (193.84.84.1) Zamereni: MS-DOS, MS-Windows Login: anonymous, ftp Heslo: Adresar: pub ftp.fee.vutbr.cz (147.229.9.10) Zamereni: GNU, DEC, X11 Login: anonymous, ftp Heslo: Adresar: ftp.karlin.mff.cuni.cz (193.84.58.222) Zamereni: networking, WWW, ISODE, Cisco, X Windows, GNU, Unix Login: anonymous, ftp Heslo: Adresar: pub Spravce: ftpadm@karlin.mff.cuni.cz ftp.muni.cz (147.251.48.2) Zamereni: GNU, MS-DOS (Simtel), Unix (a Linux), docs, TeX Login: anonymous, ftp Heslo: Adresar: pub Spravce: ftp-admin@dcs.muni.cz Poznamka: pristupny i pres gopher na gopher.muni.cz ftp.ruk.cuni.cz (192.108.152.17) Zamereni: Archie, Gopher, Wais, DEC freeware Login: anonymous, ftp Heslo: Adresar: pub Spravce: ftpadm@cuni.cz ftp.utia.cas.cz (147.231.12.1) Zamereni: Vedecke texty Ceske akademie ved Login: anonymous, ftp Heslo: Adresar: pub Spravce: haveljr@utia.cas.cz ftp.vse.cz (146.102.16.9) Zamereni: GNU, MS-DOS (Simtel, McAfee, PMail), docs (RFC, drafts, RIPE), networking, vendor (SCO, Sun, Cisco), X Window, 386-unix Login: anonymous, ftp Heslo: Adresar: pub Spravce: ftp-admin@vse.cz Poznamka: vyzaduje registrovaou in-addr.arpa domenu z casti pristupny i pres gopher na gopher.vse.cz ftp.vslib.cz (147.230.16.1) Zamereni: Mac, MS-Windows, MS-DOS, texty, grafika, networking, gopher Login: anonymous, ftp Heslo: Adresar: pub Spravce: ftpadm@vslib.cz Poznamka: pristupny i pres gopher na gopher.vslib.cz ftp.vszbr.cz (193.84.4.3) Zamereni: fonty, fun, pine Login: anonymous, ftp Heslo: Adresar: pub ftp.zcu.cz (147.228.54.11) Zamereni: MS-DOS, Unix, networking Login: anonymous, ftp Heslo: Adresar: pub, cdrom Poznamka: pristupny i pres gopher na gopher.zcu.cz martin.feld.cvut.cz (147.32.192.31) Zamereni: clipper, case, database, images, elektrotechnology Login: guest, ftp | anonymous Heslo: | Adresar: Spravce: molhanec@feld.cvut.cz Poznamka: Novell NetWare novell.felk.cvut.cz (192.108.160.5) Zamereni: NetWare networking Login: anonymous, ftp Heslo: Adresar: Poznamka: Novell NetWare rhino.cis.vutbr.cz (147.229.3.10) Zamereni: news-oriented soft & docs, mailing lists archive, docs Login: anonymous, ftp Heslo: Adresar: pub, ro vax.felk.cvut.cz (192.108.160.2) Zamereni: TeX (CSTUG archives), VAX soft, docs Login: anonymous Heslo: anonymous Adresar: Spravce: pubkeeper@vax.felk.cvut.cz Poznamka: VMS pouzivejte prikaz 'ls' misto prikazu 'dir' pouzivejte prikaz 'cd [.directory]' pro zmenu adresare Nadstavby pro FTP sluzby NoseyParker - vyhledavani v FTP serverech v CESNETu ftp.vslib.cz (147.230.16.1) - Telnet, login: parker FTP prostrednictvim E-mailu ftpmail@ftp.vslib.cz mailserv@vax.felk.cvut.cz Zrcadleni zdroju v CESNETu Polozky jsou ve formatu: () polozky jsou trideny abecedne Archie nic.funet.cz ftp.ruk.cuni.cz:/pub/infosys/archie (2 dny) Esix 4 physics.su.oz.au ftp.cvut.cz:/pub/Esix_4 (2 dny) FreeBSD ftp.cdrom.com ftp.cvut.cz:/pub/FreeBSD (2 dny) GNU software prep.ai.mit.edu ftp.cvut.cz:/pub/gnu (1 den) gatekeeper.dec.com ftp.muni.cz:/pub/UNIX/gnu (1 den) prep.ai.mit.edu ftp.vse.cz:/pub/gnu (1 tyden) Gopher software boombox.micro.umn.edu ftp.vslib.cz:/pub/mirrors/gopher (1 den) ftp.ruk.cuni.cz:/pub/infosys/gopher (2 dny) Info-Mac nic.lth.se ftp.vslib.cz:/pub/mirrors/info-mac (3 dny) Internet documents ftp.ripe.net ftp.muni.cz:/pub/rfc (1 den) /internet-drafts ftp.vse.cz:/pub/docs/rfc (1 tyden) /internet-drafts fyi ripe Linux more servers ftp.cvut.cz:/pub/linux (1 den) sunsite.unc.edu ftp.muni.cz:/UNIX/linux (1 den) more servers ftp.vse.cz:/pub/386-unix/linux (1 tyden) McAfee (SCAN & comp.) ftp.mcafee.com ftp.cvut.cz:/pub/msdos/mcafee (1 den) ftp.muni.cz:/pub/msdos/mcafee (1 den) ftp.vse.cz:/pub/msdos/mcafee (3 dny) ftp.vslib.cz:/pub/mirrors/mcafee (1 den) MS-Windows (CICA) cica.indiana.edu ftp.vslib.cz:/pub/msdos/win3/cica (1 den) ftp.vse.cz:/pub/msdos/cica (1 den) NetBSD agate.berkeley.edu ftp.muni.cz:/pub/UNIX/netbsd (1 den) Netfind (software and databases) cs.colorado.edu ftp.vslib.cz:/pub/mirrors/netfind (1 tyden) Novell NetWare ns.novell.com ftp.cvut.cz:/pub/novell/netwire/novlib (3 dny) Pegasus Mail risc.ua.edu ftp.vse.cz:/pub/msdos/pmail (3 dny) ftp.vslib.cz:/pub/mirrors/pegasus (1 den) SCO Unix 146.169.3.7 ftp.cvut.cz:/pub/sco (3 dny) Security ftp.denet.dk ftp.cvut.cz:/pub/security (2 dny) SIMTEL20 (PC software) wuarchive.wustl.edu ftp.muni.cz:/pub/msdos/simtel (1 den) wsmr-simtel20.army.mil ftp.vse.cz:/pub/msdos/simtel (1 tyden) Solaris thor.ece.uc.edu ftp.muni.cz:/pub/UNIX/Solaris2.3- patches (1 den) Univel gateway.univel.com ftp.cvut.cz:/pub/univel (1 den) Unix SVR4 ftp.tcp.com ftp.cvut.cz:/pub/svr4 (3 dny) Wais think.com ftp.ruk.cuni.cz:/pub/infosys/wais (2 dny) Weather situation cumulus.met.ed.ac.uk ftp.vslib.cz:/pub/weather (1 hodina) WWW info.cern.ch ftp.karlin.mff.cuni.cz:/pub/www (2 dny) X Window System (X11R5) export.lcs.mit.edu ftp.muni.cz:/pub/UNIX/X11R5 (1 den) ftp.muni.cz:/pub/UNIX/contrib (1 den) XFree86 physics.su.oz.au ftp.cvut.cz:/pub/x11/XFree86 (3 dny) ftp.prz.tu-berlin.de ftp.cvut.cz:/pub/isc/XFree86 (1 tyden) stasi.bradley.edu ftp.cvut.cz:/pub/sco/XFree86 (1 tyden) Zpracovano dle podkladu